Showing posts with label architecture. Show all posts
Showing posts with label architecture. Show all posts

2011-08-14

Landscape machines. Paths for the rescue.




Landscape machines

Each time we approach a place, for whatever reason, some decision has to be taken on how to face or traverse it. Many times we decide to follow a predefined path planned by someone else. The path, freely chosen or not, will influence our representation of the place in both the intensional and extensional planes. The ambiguity of the participant's experience is the main obstacle in achieving such a thing. Historically the problem has been eluded either imposing a strict set of choices among the many possible paths either by the aid of some social constraints.
A case worth studying are the places where the paths have been planned in a way to achieve some kind of aesthetic experience in the participant. It is the case of the gardens, of the Palladio's villas and, to get to our times, land art and landscape design.
So what I named a "landscape machine" is a place, shaped in a way to generate a controlled succession of views and emotions.
An historical attempt in building up a "landscape machine", albeit not strictly intentional in all the above aspects, is that of the "Sacri Monti" (literally sacred mountains). They were built in middle mountain areas of Lombardy and Piedmont between 1500 and 1700. In those places the architect, that frequently was also a religious, attempted to use the space and aesthetic experience of the participant so to achieve a strong religious feeling (landscapes of faith so to say).
A "Sacro Monte" is generally made of several stations, each one has a statuary set up depicting an episode of Christ's or Mary's life. Each station was connected with the other ones with a bordered, delimited, path. In the first realizations the path was merely a protected connection. Progressively it evolved in a succession of curves and ascents obtained by the remake of the hosting hillside, conducting the participant till the last station. The the epilogue may vary upon the main character: the Ascension in Christ's case or the Assumption in Mary's case.
The complex was aimed in reminding to the participant the fatigue, the pain needed to achieve the final reward (uphill) in the forthcoming afterlife. Each station is also a place offering a rest for the body, for the “soul” and for the eyes. Opening to a larger view of the surrounding country and offering a delicate architectural composition made of openings and closures. The positioning of the curves along the path creates a liminal transition from a station to the next, preparing the mood for the forthcoming revelation.
Along the connections with each station and from the stations themselves, statues and artifacts, carefully positioned, constrain the gaze with the aid of a clever use of the perspective axioms.
Interestingly if the "Sacri monti" were built as a path for the rescue of the soul, the "Ospedale Morelli, ex Villaggio Sanatoriale (formerly) Benito Mussolini" was also conceived as a set of trails for the rescue and restoration of the body, and, not last, the formation of the new Italians, an attempt that in the thirties and twenties fascism was at.
The cure for tuberculosis, before the pills age, was thought to require an alternation of rest and activities mainly made of short walks and breathing good air. The duration of the treatment, frequently more than six months, allowed, in the patient, the formation of a daily ritual related to the new place and its representation. The exceptional condition of the experience did favor the detachment from the everyday geography to form a new one albeit only for the time of the cure. The place has been the subject of a movie by Vittorio De Sica "La breve vacanza" (the short vacancy) that tells the story of a love grown in this sort of vacancy of the spirit.
The new Italian , instead, confronted itself with the metaphysic idea of the industrious city and a life of ordered labor, represented in various forms and parts of the complex. The epilogue was that while the fight against tuberculosis was, in many cases, successful, that of forming the new Italians was instead a deadly failure. Tuberculosis was finally eradicated by the antibiotics, in the sixties, making sanatoriums obsolete. The new Italians, instead, became obsolete long before.
But to close down I think it may be useful to present a case where the landscape machine has been derived, instead of being given. While in the case of the "Sacri Monti" or the "Villaggio Sanatoriale" the setups were realized top down, a priori so to say, here the trail was made bottom up by the frequent use and number of the walkers. The number and frequency of the visits creates a sort of social constraint incorporated in to the trail.
It is the case described in this post by Mark Meyer where he depicts a sort of ritual, in approaching a frequently pictured landscape subject. A path going from the parking lot to the exact same view point some photographers of fame took a shot of the same thing. It comes clear how the whole setup, parking lot included, progressively grew to accommodate more and more people looking for a photographic inspiration from a notorious subject.
The path walk, the ritual, in this case, is aimed at an other kind of salvation, that of the happiness in vacation and photography, unfortunately, I suspect, it is also a good starting point for a holiday blues.

Macchine paesaggistiche

Ogni volta che ci avviciniamo a un luogo, per qualsiasi motivo, dobbiamo prendere una qualche decisione su come affrontarlo o attraversarlo. Spesso si decide di seguire un percorso predefinito progettato da qualcun altro. Il percorso, scelto liberamente o meno, influenzerà la nostra rappresentazione del luogo sia sul piano intensionale sia su quello estensionale. La soggettività dell'esperienza del partecipante è il principale ostacolo da affrontare in questi casi. Storicamente il problema è stato eluso sia imponendo una rigida serie di scelte tra i molti percorsi possibili sia con l'ausilio di alcuni vincoli sociali. Un caso da studiare sono i luoghi dove i percorsi sono stati progettati in modo da raggiungere un qualche tipo di esperienza estetica del partecipante. E' il caso dei giardini sei/settecenteschi, delle ville del Palladio e, per arrivare ai nostri tempi, la land art e la costruzione del paesaggio.
Quindi quello che ho chiamato una "macchina paesaggistica" è un luogo, formato in modo tale da favorire la generazione di una successione controllata di vedute e di emozioni.
Un tentativo storico nella costruzione di una "macchina paesaggistica", anche se non strettamente intenzionale in tutti gli aspetti di cui sopra, è quello dei "Sacri Monti", costruiti in zone di media montagna della Lombardia e del Piemonte tra il 1500 e il 1700. In quei luoghi l'architetto, che spesso era anche un religioso, ha cercato di utilizzare lo spazio e l'esperienza estetica del partecipante in modo da ottenere un forte sentimento religioso (per generare paesaggi della fede, per così dire).
Un "Sacro Monte" è generalmente composto di diverse stazioni, ognuna delle quali dispone di un insieme statuario raffigurante un episodio della vita di Cristo o di Maria. Ogni stazione è  collegata con le altre da un percorso delimitato. Nelle prime realizzazioni il percorso era semplicemente una connessione protetta. Progressivamente si è evoluto in un susseguirsi di curve e salite ottenute ricostruendo la collina ospite fino a condurre il partecipante all'ultima stazione. L'epilogo può variare in base alle personaggio principale: Ascensione nel caso di Cristo o l'Assunzione nel caso di Maria.
Il complesso è stato finalizzato nel ricordare al partecipante la fatica, il dolore necessario per ottenere la ricompensa finale (in salita) nel dopo vita terreno. Ogni stazione è anche un luogo che offre un riposo per il corpo, per l '"anima" e per gli occhi anche tramite l'apertura a una veduta sul paese circostante  accompagnata da una delicata composizione architettonica di aperti e chiusi. Il posizionamento delle curve lungo il percorso crea una transizione liminale da una stazione all'altra, preparando l'atmosfera per la prossima rivelazione.
Lungo i collegamenti con tutte le stazioni e nelle stazioni stesse, statue e manufatti accuratamente posizionati costringono lo sguardo con l'aiuto di un abile uso degli assiomi della prospettiva.
Interessante notare che se i "Sacri Monti" sono stati costruiti come un percorso salvifico per l'anima, lo "Ospedale Morelli, ex Villaggio Sanatoriale (ex) Benito Mussolini" è stato concepito come un insieme di percorsi per il salvataggio e la ricostituzione del corpo, e, non ultimo, la formazione dei nuovi italiani, un tentativo che negli anni trenta e venti fu al centro degli interessi del fascismo.
La cura per la tubercolosi, prima dell'età delle pillole, è stata pensata per richiedere un alternanza di riposo e di attività, consistente, principalmente, in brevi passeggiate respirando aria buona ed esposizione alla stessa, a rigoroso riposo. La durata del trattamento, spesso più di sei mesi, ha consentito, nel paziente, la formazione di un rituale quotidiano legato alla nuova sede e la sua rappresentazione. L'eccezionalità dell'esperienza ha favorito il distacco dalla geografia di tutti i giorni per formarne una nuova anche se solo per il tempo della cura. Il luogo è stato oggetto di un film di Vittorio De Sica "La breve vacanza" che racconta la storia di un amore cresciuto in questo tipo di vacanza dello spirito.
Il nuovo italiano, invece, fu messo a confronto con l'idea metafisica della città operosa e una vita di lavoro ordinato, rappresentato in varie forme e parti del complesso. L'epilogo fu che, mentre la lotta contro la tubercolosi è stata, in molti casi, di successo, quella di formare i nuovi italiani è stato invece un fallimento mortale. La tubercolosi è stata finalmente debellata dagli antibiotici, negli anni sessanta, rendendo obsoleti i sanatori. I nuovi italiani, invece, diventarono obsoleti molto prima.
Per chiudere penso possa essere utile presentare un caso dove la "landscape machine" è stata derivata, piuttosto che data. Mentre nel caso dei Sacri Monti o del Villaggio Sanatoriale gli scenari vennero realizzati top down, a priori per così dire, il sentiero, qui, è stato fatto dall'uso frequente e dal numero dei camminatori. In questo caso la frequenza e il numero delle visite ha creato un vincolo sociale incorporato nel sentiero.
E' il caso affrontato in questo post dove Mark Meyer descrive una sorta di rituale nell'approcciare un soggetto paesaggistico ritratto soventemente. Un cammino che va dal parcheggio fino allo stesso punto in cui alcuni fotografi famosi hanno tratto, dalla medesima veduta, fotografie divenute oggetti artistici. E' chiaro che l'intera scenografia, parcheggio incluso, è cresciuta progressivamente per accomodare sempre più gente alla ricerca di ispirazioni fotografiche da un soggetto noto.
Il cammino, il rituale, in questo caso è orientato ad altra salvazione, quella della felicità in vacanza e in fotografia, sfortunatamente, io sospetto che sia anche un buon punto di partenza per una depressione da vacanze.

2011-07-21

Metaphysics in the Alps

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Architecture photography stricto sensu has many rules and mainly is based on the architect and/or the commissioner interpretation, both dictates what is a viable depiction of the building. The Alinari's practice to send out photographers with included shooting instructions is an illuminating, historical, example. But more and more, and certainly Internet has its merits, we encounter photographic artifacts that are about the built environment that instead of being commissioned are simply taken as documents of a personal experience from very subjective POVs. Is this a less valuable documentation ? I'm not sure, in my view it is simply a different form of documentation, a pole of the bi partion suggested by Marc Augè in his "An Anthropology for Contemporaneous Worlds" between official and non official documentation.
Anyway while I was googling for some subjects during the last December I found a reference to a study about an architectural complex -- I will get back to this in some next post -- that matched almost perfectly with my visual interests and has always been present, albeit in its hospital function, in my youth while living in Valtellina (Sondrio province, Italy). It is located not far from where my parents live in the Alps.
I was considering how to approach it when I had the opportunity to meet Professor Luisa Bonesio a philosopher that has an interesting line of thought about landscape, perhaps one of the few in Italy, hers site is here. One of the most amazing things is that we share some commonalities in picturing the complex, a thing worth investigating. Certainly the complex is a powerful landscape machine. Luisa is in charge of a small team of volunteers -- Terraceleste -- that are making the complex known and appreciated as an art masterpiece and cultural heritage, a rather heroic effort. She gave me a general view of the site and its location in the context of the Italian architecture, starting from 1920 till 1938 and including, among the many, the "Metaphysics" and "Futurist" influences, clearly appreciable, I hope, in the slideshow. Thanks to its patience and courtesy, I'm aware to be the nearest thing next to an alien in the academic world, I had the opportunity to conduct a small workshop about the photographic lecture of the complex to be held the 24 of July.
The slideshow is about a fraction of the complex (I have inserted a large view of the place at the beginning) and the covered area is the one in focus during the workshop. The workshop is part of a set of guided visits held by Luisa and a group of architects, agronomists and an art historian this summer in the "Ospedale Morelli ex Villaggio Sanatoriale" located in Sondalo Italy here is a link with the complete programme.
The workshop will focus on how the complex could be photographed or has been photographed so it is not even required to carry a camera. A disposition for visual experiments may be of use.
Italian ...

Metafisica nelle Alpi

La fotografia di architettura in senso stretto ha molte regole e in genere è basata sulla intepretazione dell'architetto o del committente, entrambi stabiliscono quale sia una illustrazione viabile dell'edificio. La pratica degli Alinari di spedire il fotografo con istruzioni di ripresa incluse ne è un illuminante esempio storico. Ma sempre di più, e certamente Internet ha i suoi meriti, si incontrano manufatti fotografici che invece di essere commissionati sono semplicemente presi come documenti di una esperienza individuale da punti di vista decisamente soggettivi. Forse questa è una documentazione di minor valore ? Non ne sono sicuro, dal mio punto di vista è semplicemente una forma diversa di documentazione, un polo della bipartizione operata da Marc Augè nel suo "Storie del presente" tra documentazione ufficiale e non.
Ad ogni modo, lo scorso Dicembre stavo facendo ricerche su alcuni possibili soggetti su google e ho trovato delle referenze ad uno studio su un complesso architettonico, su cui tornerò in un prossimo post, che coincideva perfettamente con i miei interessi visivi e che è sempre stato presente, seppure nella sua funzione di ospedale, in tutta la mia infanzia valtellinese. Non è molto lontano da dove abitano i miei genitori, nelle Alpi.
Stavo considerando dei criteri di approccio quando ho avuto l'opportunità di incontrare la Professoressa Luisa Bonesio, una filosofa che ha una interessante linea di pensiero sul paesaggio, quasi unica in Italia. Il suo sito è qui. La cosa più divertente è che condividiamo alcune comunanze nel rappresentare il complesso, una cosa che vale la pena di investigare. Luisa è a capo dell'Associazione culturale Terraceleste, un gruppo di volontari che sta facendo conoscere ed apprezzare il complesso in quanto capolavoro artistico ed eredità culturale. Mi ha fornito una visione generale del sito e la sua collocazione nel contesto dell'architettura Italiana, a partire dal 1920 fino al 1938 incluse, tra le molte, le influenze "Metafisiche" e "Futuriste" che spero siano apprezzabili nello slideshow. Grazie alla sua pazienza e cortesia, sono consapevole di essere la cosa più vicina ad un alieno per un accademico, ho avuto l'opportunità di condurre un piccolo workshop sulla lettura fotografica del complesso che si terrà il 24 Luglio alle 14.30 (punto di raccolta per i partecipanti presso l'ufficio ProLoco di Sondalo). Qui trovate il programma completo.
Lo slideshow riguarda una piccola parte del complesso (di cui ho inserito una vista "larga" all'inizio) e lo spazio coperto è quello oggetto del workshop. Il workshop è parte di un insieme di visite guidate che Luisa e un gruppo di architetti, agronomi e uno storico dell'arte terranno in questa estate nell'Ospedale Morelli ex Villaggio Sanatoriale.
Il workshop si focalizzerà su come si possa fotografare e come è stato fotografato il complesso così non è neppure necessario portare una macchina fotografica. Una disposizione per gli esperimenti visivi potrà essere d'aiuto.

2010-05-25

Milan ordinary landscapes. Porta Garibaldi #14. February 2010

Last week I took a small vacation away from the blog. As usual in Italy the months preceding summer time are the ones where every body decides to do things (just to stop a few months later and resume operation in the late autumn). This generally ends up leaving a short time for everything. In some ways it is a habit coming from the times when life was marked by the seasonal vacancies. But, wherever it may come, it is a clear manifest of our incapacity to act in a socially organized way. But just to make something useful out of this post I like to point you to a book that I'm reading with great joy: "Thoughts on Landscape" by Frank Gohlke. The book consists mainly in interviews, intros and a few articles, the paperback edition is more than enough for quality. But even in the, somewhat, unordered collection, the book contains some very interesting thoughts expressed in plain and straight concepts. His interviews are touching in a sense I have rarely found in a book containing writings from a photographer, even in words he is clearly motivated by a search for a truthful expression of his visions and experiences. In books written by photographers we got used to a posthumous kind of rational reconstruction of their acting, it is not the case here. Gohlke may even seem to be the incarnation of the conscious landscapist. Something, I bet, many of us, aspire to be.

"I just love the way things look, all things, even if they're awful things. You know, the necessity to make moral judgements about whether this or that thing is desirable comes later, but what I'm motivated by, first of all, is just a fascination, a love for the fact that things exist in the world; they have a certain appearance and that it's possible with a camera to create a picture out of those appearances, and if you do it right, even to suggest that those appearances might have certain meanings or implications for us.
Frank Gohlke"

2010-05-18

Milan ordinary landscapes. Porta Garibaldi #13. February 2010


Blurb and an old flame. Part three

Some handy references for those willing to adventure into the LaTex land. To start with some motivations here is an advocacy article: LaTeX isn't for everyone but it could be for you. For a first intro see A (Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e. But the fastest way, if you want to experiment with it, is to install a version of "xelatex" on your computer, it is available for all most any operating system, and give it a try starting from the files mentioned in the last related post.

But even if your more interested in using your wysig have a look here for some ideas in the design of the book: tufte-latex, LaTex users will find it ready to use. Have a look at the pdfs available and mainly to the one that focuses on the book style.

In my first try, for blurb, I want to put the image slightly off centre. How to arbitrarily position an image into a page is a thing that is not present in Eric's example. The task may be addressed via the package named, quite obviously, "photo" that lets you manage the picture as a "float" object, the package is available in every LaTex2e distribution. Anyway you may find it here or in the CTAN TeX/LaTex repository.

2010-05-09

Milan ordinary landscapes. Porta Garibaldi #12. February 2010

Blurb and an old flame. Part two

The first impact of blurb, with regard to the practical help the site hands out, is of dismay. "Hell another site for Adobe devotees" was my exclamation. Just to say it plainly and once: I think that Adobe is exercising an unfair use of its dominant market position both in pricing and in sloppy quality of the software. But, fortunately, while Photoshop may have no rivals, Adobe's tool for desktop publishing has some fierce rivals in the Open Source world, and, much more important, on Linux (I'm a linux user and programmer till the day one when in circa 22 posts I've got it's former version in the usenet news). The simplest and easiest one to use is Scribus; to start out I've made some experiments with it. The Metrics from the blurb calculator were easy to adapt after having grasped the intricacies of blurb margin and boundaries settings (the mentioned paper model helped a lot).Scribus however is a wisyg and that means that it is quite easy to get to a first draft, but it requires a lot of clicks and it is short on automation. Yes there is a templating engine but it seems best suited for short brochures. Changing the style of an already made book requires a lot of repetitive and not automated work. Till now my needs always have been of pure text pdf writing. For that I've always resorted to an other tool: TeX/LaTex, in my opinion the best publishing software ever made and fully available in the open source free for the entire humanity. Unfortunately TeX/LaTex is a bit uncomfortable to use for a total end user. Mainly you operate it from the command line, you may as well resort to and interactive shell, but I think that at the end the command line version is simpler to use and after some exercise it is easy to make a set of automated scripts that in a few steps will reassemble the entire book. So I decided to do some googling to find out what was available from the LaTex community for composing books and photobooks targeted at blurb. As for almost everything in the TeX/LaTex world I did not come away empty handed. To begin with you may start from this resource that Eric Jeschke kindly made available in a true open source spirit. The post comes complete of a downloadable archive containing the basic scripts and the picture of one of his books. You may either study the way in which the metrics is laid out or simply assemble his book till you are sure to have a fully functional LaTex setup. There are two supported formats one to build up a blurb pdf and one to make a web version for the web.

2010-05-05

Milan ordinary landscapes. Porta Garibaldi #11. February 2010


For a definition of "Dèrive" see here. For the entire ongoing series of detours around the Garibaldi building site see here.

Blurb and an old flame. Part one

It's my turn to get interested in photo books. Frankly I have some doubt, on the ethic side, about the opportunity to participate in the great consumption of natural resources that the photographic allows. Digital, for me, represented a renewed interest in the thing for its seemingly low profile in resource hungriness. But there is a side in which its undeniable that an Art object needs to be an object of desire too. So online books in some ways seem to be a sort of sustainable compromise. The great advantage is that in the end only the strict demanded ones get printed and thanks to the parallel pdf version the option in circulation may not suffer from any restriction.

After having evaluated several services I finally landed to blurb for my first attempts. I'm aware that it may not be the best one. But it seems certainly the most frequented one in photographic realm.

Having made the first step the second one that comes in immediately after is how to do it. As a Humanist with a romantic side, I've always loved well composed and printed books. It is incredible the amount of knowledge involved in a book design, in our era of wysigs it is easy to forget about it. Every thing seems easy and only a matter to test and try. The results, however, are not always so good, as you may easily find out by yourself by looking at several previews available online. Plus I have a personal dismay for the huge amount of time that the test and try practice requires. So I went to a library and bought an old book making manual, just at least have an idea of what was needed and discovered the joys of the material practice of the cut and paste, no not the one you perform with a computer, but the one you make with a ruler and a cutter to build up a model of what you are looking for.

2010-04-29

Milan ordinary landscapes. Porta Garibaldi #10. February 2010

For a definition of "Dèrive" see here. In the last months I've mainly focused on the preliminary phase of photo making, that I've called "inventio", a term borrowed from Leonardo Da Vinci's "Treatise on Painting" (as you may know anachronism is another obsession of mine). The way in which a photographer borders his/hers performing space certainly constitutes an important part of his/hers identity.

In the meantime, while busily reading philosophy contributions to the topic of physical/conceptual space bounding, I've came across this interesting study on mazes, labyrinths and tracking from BLDGBLOG.